Changes

| [https://associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1997.238-az0373.x?sid=Ovid%3Amedline Reynolds et al Anes 1997] || 56 women in labor, >36 weeks gestation, singleton, cephalad, no systemic opioids || Women had epidurals placed and were given 1.5g of paracetamol, then had serum levels measured at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 minute timepoints. || Women were randomly assigned to either 0.125% bupivacaine solution or 0.0625% bupivacaine with 2.5 mcg/ml fentanyl, with continuous infusion rate titrated to effect. Rescue boluses of 5 ml 0.25% bupivacaine were given as needed. In study A, 28 women received paracetamol after 30 ml (75 mcg of fentanyl), while in study B it was after 40-50 ml (100-125 mcg of fentanyl). || No significant differences in AUC, peak concentration, or time to peak concentration in study A. In study B, the time to max concentration was delayed in the fentanyl group.

| [https://associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1997.238-az0373.x?sid=Ovid%3Amedline Reynolds et al Anes 1997] || 56 women in labor, >36 weeks gestation, singleton, cephalad, no systemic opioids || Women had epidurals placed and were given 1.5g of paracetamol, then had serum levels measured at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 minute timepoints. || Women were randomly assigned to either 0.125% bupivacaine solution or 0.0625% bupivacaine with 2.5 mcg/ml fentanyl, with continuous infusion rate titrated to effect. Rescue boluses of 5 ml 0.25% bupivacaine were given as needed. In study A, 28 women received paracetamol after 30 ml (75 mcg of fentanyl), while in study B it was after 40-50 ml (100-125 mcg of fentanyl). || No significant differences in AUC, peak concentration, or time to peak concentration in study A. In study B, the time to max concentration was delayed in the fentanyl group.

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| [https://ovidsp.dc2.ovid.com/ovid-new-b/ovidweb.cgi?WebLinkFrameset=1&S=EGLNFPLEIIEBMLKBIPKJOFPFCBGDAA00&returnUrl=ovidweb.cgi%3f%26Titles%3dS.sh.20%257c13%257c50%26FORMAT%3dtitle%26FIELDS%3dTITLES%26S%3dEGLNFPLEIIEBMLKBIPKJOFPFCBGDAA00&fromjumpstart=0&directlink=https%3a%2f%2fovidsp.dc2.ovid.com%2fovftpdfs%2fFPEBIPPFOFKBII00%2ffs047%2fovft%2flive%2fgv024%2f00000539%2f00000539-199710000-00022.pdf&filename=A+Comparison+of+the+Effect+of+Intrathecal+and+Extradural+Fentanyl+on+Gastric+Emptying+in+Laboring+Women.&navigation_links=NavLinks.S.sh.20.13&PDFIdLinkField=%2ffs047%2fovft%2flive%2fgv024%2f00000539%2f00000539-199710000-00022&link_from=S.sh.20%7c13&pdf_key=B&pdf_index=S.sh.20&D=medall Mirakhur et al Anes and Analg 1997] || 105 parturiants || Acetaminophen absorption assay was done in women getting neuraxial labor analgesia || Neuraxial analgesia was administered with bupivacaine and 25 mcg intrathecal fentanyl, 50 mcg epidural fentanyl, or no opioid, CMax, TMax, and AUC were measured at 60 and 120 min ||  

| [https://ovidsp.dc2.ovid.com/ovid-new-b/ovidweb.cgi?WebLinkFrameset=1&S=EGLNFPLEIIEBMLKBIPKJOFPFCBGDAA00&returnUrl=ovidweb.cgi%3f%26Titles%3dS.sh.20%257c13%257c50%26FORMAT%3dtitle%26FIELDS%3dTITLES%26S%3dEGLNFPLEIIEBMLKBIPKJOFPFCBGDAA00&fromjumpstart=0&directlink=https%3a%2f%2fovidsp.dc2.ovid.com%2fovftpdfs%2fFPEBIPPFOFKBII00%2ffs047%2fovft%2flive%2fgv024%2f00000539%2f00000539-199710000-00022.pdf&filename=A+Comparison+of+the+Effect+of+Intrathecal+and+Extradural+Fentanyl+on+Gastric+Emptying+in+Laboring+Women.&navigation_links=NavLinks.S.sh.20.13&PDFIdLinkField=%2ffs047%2fovft%2flive%2fgv024%2f00000539%2f00000539-199710000-00022&link_from=S.sh.20%7c13&pdf_key=B&pdf_index=S.sh.20&D=medall Mirakhur et al Anes and Analg 1997] || 105 parturiants || Acetaminophen absorption assay was done in women getting neuraxial labor analgesia || Neuraxial analgesia was administered with bupivacaine and 25 mcg intrathecal fentanyl (S), 50 mcg epidural fentanyl (E), or no opioid (C). CMax, TMax, and AUC were measured at 60 and 120 min || Median (range) TMax values were 120 (15-180), 82.5 (15-180), and 90 (15-180) min in Groups S, E, and C, respectively (P < 0.05). Mean +/- SD Camax was 13.4 +/- 8.82, 17.9 +/- 8.06, and 15.0 +/- 6.22 micrograms/mL in Groups S, E, and C, respectively (P < 0.05). Mean +/- SD AUC90 and AUC120 were also significantly smaller in Group S than in the other two groups (430 +/- 616, 736 +/- 504, and 672 +/- 453; and 649 +/- 592, 1063 +/- 627, and 1053 +/- 616 micrograms.mL-1.min-1 in Groups S, E, and C, respectively).

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