Neural Entrainment - Revision history

Aesetholephews at 23:42, 17 March 2025

2025-03-17T23:42:36Z

Aesetholephews at 23:42, 17 March 2025

2025-03-17T23:42:20Z

Aesetholephews at 23:29, 17 March 2025

2025-03-17T23:29:12Z

Aesetholephews at 23:21, 17 March 2025

2025-03-17T23:21:20Z

Aesetholephews at 23:04, 17 March 2025

2025-03-17T23:04:28Z

Aesetholephews at 23:03, 17 March 2025

2025-03-17T23:03:02Z

Aesetholephews: Created page with "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378595510000262 EEG processing began with segmentation of the continuous EEG to epochs beginning 100 ms before until 2300..."

2025-03-17T22:50:19Z

Created page with "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378595510000262 EEG processing began with segmentation of the continuous EEG to epochs beginning 100 ms before until 2300..."

New page

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378595510000262

EEG processing began with segmentation of the continuous EEG to epochs beginning 100 ms before until 2300 ms after each tone burst onset. Eye movement correction (Attias et al., 1993) and artifact rejection (±150 μV) followed segmentation. Average waveforms were then computed for the 3 and 6 Hz beats in the 250 and 1000 Hz base frequencies of each beat type (binaural and acoustic beats). Consequently, between 300 and 350 repetitions were averaged to obtain the potentials evoked by each stimulus condition. These 8 separate averages (2 Beat Frequencies × 2 Base Frequencies × 2 Beat Types) were computed for each subject, as well as across subjects to obtain grand mean waveforms. After averaging, the data were band-pass filtered (FIR rectangular filter with a cutoff at 2–10 Hz) and baseline (average amplitude across the 100 ms before stimulus onset) corrected. This filter was chosen to enhance the detection of the beats-evoked oscillations and was found to have only a minor effect on the amplitudes of the onset-evoked potentials. This minor effect was common to all onset responses and hence did not affect the comparisons across conditions that were conducted in the waveform analyses.

P50 and P200 are the first two positive ERP waves, and other papers have shown that response onset is about 200 ms.

https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/jn.00224.2014

Response latency for maximum value of cross-correlation (figure 7) was ~75 ms for 10 Hz.

@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 [https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00070/full Vernon and colleagues] applied binaural beats in the alpha (10 Hz) and beta (20 Hz) frequency ranges for 1 min duration over ten trials to evaluate whether a frequency following response (FFR) could be elicited to these frequencies in two separate participant groups. Each trial was interleaved with exposure to a pure tone played at 400 Hz while EEG was recorded from the left and right temporal regions. The authors observed a slight decrease in resting baseline amplitudes for both beat frequencies, from the pre- to post-entrainment and during the experimental session, and participants exhibited reduced alpha activity during the binaural beat on-phase compared to the off-phase (36). In a similar study, Gao et al. (37) investigated the effects of binaural beats applied for a 5 min duration at 1, 5, 10, and 20 Hz. To detect EEG changes due to binaural beats, they analyzed relative power (RP), phase locking values (PLVs), and cross-mutual information (CMI). Relative power in the theta and alpha bands increased during delta and alpha binaural-beat frequency stimulation while it decreased in the beta band. During alpha and delta binaural-beat stimulation, reduction in CMI was detected among right temporal, frontal, and occipital areas 3.5 min after stimulation onset. However, during beta-beat stimulation, an increase and subsequent decrease in CMI was observed – this occurred between the left temporal and frontal areas (increase), and between right temporal and centro-parietal areas (decrease), and in the case of theta beat stimulation, an increase over left temporal and central cortical areas was observed. These data suggest that application of binaural beats in theta, alpha, delta, and beta frequencies is able to alter functional connectivity between brain regions (37).
 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1388245704003736 Clinical Neurophysiology] ~ 200 mS latency to "steady state" response.
@@ Line 19: / Line 18: @@
 [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00426-018-1066-8 Psychological Research] Meta-Analysis from 2018 showing a Hedge's g value of 1 for analgesia based on three studies between 1999 and 2010 (The Hedge's g statistic expresses the difference of the means in units of the pooled standard deviation)

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:42, 17 March 2025
Line 11:		Line 11:
	[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00070/full Vernon and colleagues] applied binaural beats in the alpha (10 Hz) and beta (20 Hz) frequency ranges for 1 min duration over ten trials to evaluate whether a frequency following response (FFR) could be elicited to these frequencies in two separate participant groups. Each trial was interleaved with exposure to a pure tone played at 400 Hz while EEG was recorded from the left and right temporal regions. The authors observed a slight decrease in resting baseline amplitudes for both beat frequencies, from the pre- to post-entrainment and during the experimental session, and participants exhibited reduced alpha activity during the binaural beat on-phase compared to the off-phase (36). In a similar study, Gao et al. (37) investigated the effects of binaural beats applied for a 5 min duration at 1, 5, 10, and 20 Hz. To detect EEG changes due to binaural beats, they analyzed relative power (RP), phase locking values (PLVs), and cross-mutual information (CMI). Relative power in the theta and alpha bands increased during delta and alpha binaural-beat frequency stimulation while it decreased in the beta band. During alpha and delta binaural-beat stimulation, reduction in CMI was detected among right temporal, frontal, and occipital areas 3.5 min after stimulation onset. However, during beta-beat stimulation, an increase and subsequent decrease in CMI was observed – this occurred between the left temporal and frontal areas (increase), and between right temporal and centro-parietal areas (decrease), and in the case of theta beat stimulation, an increase over left temporal and central cortical areas was observed. These data suggest that application of binaural beats in theta, alpha, delta, and beta frequencies is able to alter functional connectivity between brain regions (37).		[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00070/full Vernon and colleagues] applied binaural beats in the alpha (10 Hz) and beta (20 Hz) frequency ranges for 1 min duration over ten trials to evaluate whether a frequency following response (FFR) could be elicited to these frequencies in two separate participant groups. Each trial was interleaved with exposure to a pure tone played at 400 Hz while EEG was recorded from the left and right temporal regions. The authors observed a slight decrease in resting baseline amplitudes for both beat frequencies, from the pre- to post-entrainment and during the experimental session, and participants exhibited reduced alpha activity during the binaural beat on-phase compared to the off-phase (36). In a similar study, Gao et al. (37) investigated the effects of binaural beats applied for a 5 min duration at 1, 5, 10, and 20 Hz. To detect EEG changes due to binaural beats, they analyzed relative power (RP), phase locking values (PLVs), and cross-mutual information (CMI). Relative power in the theta and alpha bands increased during delta and alpha binaural-beat frequency stimulation while it decreased in the beta band. During alpha and delta binaural-beat stimulation, reduction in CMI was detected among right temporal, frontal, and occipital areas 3.5 min after stimulation onset. However, during beta-beat stimulation, an increase and subsequent decrease in CMI was observed – this occurred between the left temporal and frontal areas (increase), and between right temporal and centro-parietal areas (decrease), and in the case of theta beat stimulation, an increase over left temporal and central cortical areas was observed. These data suggest that application of binaural beats in theta, alpha, delta, and beta frequencies is able to alter functional connectivity between brain regions (37).

		+	[https://sccn.ucsd.edu/githubwiki/files/eeglab2019_aspet_artifact_and_ica.pdf EEG pre-processing] from EEGLAB
	[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1388245704003736 Clinical Neurophysiology] ~ 200 mS latency to "steady state" response.		[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1388245704003736 Clinical Neurophysiology] ~ 200 mS latency to "steady state" response.

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 Response latency for maximum value of cross-correlation (figure 7) was ~75 ms for 10 Hz.
-https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00070/full
+[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00070/full Vernon and colleagues] applied binaural beats in the alpha (10 Hz) and beta (20 Hz) frequency ranges for 1 min duration over ten trials to evaluate whether a frequency following response (FFR) could be elicited to these frequencies in two separate participant groups. Each trial was interleaved with exposure to a pure tone played at 400 Hz while EEG was recorded from the left and right temporal regions. The authors observed a slight decrease in resting baseline amplitudes for both beat frequencies, from the pre- to post-entrainment and during the experimental session, and participants exhibited reduced alpha activity during the binaural beat on-phase compared to the off-phase (36). In a similar study, Gao et al. (37) investigated the effects of binaural beats applied for a 5 min duration at 1, 5, 10, and 20 Hz. To detect EEG changes due to binaural beats, they analyzed relative power (RP), phase locking values (PLVs), and cross-mutual information (CMI). Relative power in the theta and alpha bands increased during delta and alpha binaural-beat frequency stimulation while it decreased in the beta band. During alpha and delta binaural-beat stimulation, reduction in CMI was detected among right temporal, frontal, and occipital areas 3.5 min after stimulation onset. However, during beta-beat stimulation, an increase and subsequent decrease in CMI was observed – this occurred between the left temporal and frontal areas (increase), and between right temporal and centro-parietal areas (decrease), and in the case of theta beat stimulation, an increase over left temporal and central cortical areas was observed. These data suggest that application of binaural beats in theta, alpha, delta, and beta frequencies is able to alter functional connectivity between brain regions (37).
-Vernon and colleagues applied binaural beats in the alpha (10 Hz) and beta (20 Hz) frequency ranges for 1 min duration over ten trials to evaluate whether a frequency following response (FFR) could be elicited to these frequencies in two separate participant groups. Each trial was interleaved with exposure to a pure tone played at 400 Hz while EEG was recorded from the left and right temporal regions. The authors observed a slight decrease in resting baseline amplitudes for both beat frequencies, from the pre- to post-entrainment and during the experimental session, and participants exhibited reduced alpha activity during the binaural beat on-phase compared to the off-phase (36). In a similar study, Gao et al. (37) investigated the effects of binaural beats applied for a 5 min duration at 1, 5, 10, and 20 Hz. To detect EEG changes due to binaural beats, they analyzed relative power (RP), phase locking values (PLVs), and cross-mutual information (CMI). Relative power in the theta and alpha bands increased during delta and alpha binaural-beat frequency stimulation while it decreased in the beta band. During alpha and delta binaural-beat stimulation, reduction in CMI was detected among right temporal, frontal, and occipital areas 3.5 min after stimulation onset. However, during beta-beat stimulation, an increase and subsequent decrease in CMI was observed – this occurred between the left temporal and frontal areas (increase), and between right temporal and centro-parietal areas (decrease), and in the case of theta beat stimulation, an increase over left temporal and central cortical areas was observed. These data suggest that application of binaural beats in theta, alpha, delta, and beta frequencies is able to alter functional connectivity between brain regions (37).
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1388245704003736 Clinical Neurophysiology] ~ 200 mS latency to "steady state" response.
-https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1388245704003736
+[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0034789 PLoS One] article looking at high-density EEG in theta and beta frequencies, good intro and methods.
 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1729929?sid=primo&seq=1 Science] article from 1970 showing that neural entrainment (or "frequency following response") is a neural phenomenon rather than artifact.
 [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00426-018-1066-8 Psychological Research] Meta-Analysis from 2018 showing a Hedge's g value of 1 for analgesia based on three studies between 1999 and 2010 (The Hedge's g statistic expresses the difference of the means in units of the pooled standard deviation)

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:21, 17 March 2025
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	~ 200 mS response latency		~ 200 mS response latency
		+
		+	https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0034789
		+
		+	[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1729929?sid=primo&seq=1 Science] article from 1970 showing that neural entrainment (or "frequency following response") is a neural phenomenon rather than artifact.
		+
		+	[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00426-018-1066-8 Psychological Research] Meta-Analysis from 2018 showing a Hedge's g value of 1 for analgesia based on three studies between 1999 and 2010 (The Hedge's g statistic expresses the difference of the means in units of the pooled standard deviation)

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:04, 17 March 2025
Line 12:		Line 12:

	Vernon and colleagues applied binaural beats in the alpha (10 Hz) and beta (20 Hz) frequency ranges for 1 min duration over ten trials to evaluate whether a frequency following response (FFR) could be elicited to these frequencies in two separate participant groups. Each trial was interleaved with exposure to a pure tone played at 400 Hz while EEG was recorded from the left and right temporal regions. The authors observed a slight decrease in resting baseline amplitudes for both beat frequencies, from the pre- to post-entrainment and during the experimental session, and participants exhibited reduced alpha activity during the binaural beat on-phase compared to the off-phase (36). In a similar study, Gao et al. (37) investigated the effects of binaural beats applied for a 5 min duration at 1, 5, 10, and 20 Hz. To detect EEG changes due to binaural beats, they analyzed relative power (RP), phase locking values (PLVs), and cross-mutual information (CMI). Relative power in the theta and alpha bands increased during delta and alpha binaural-beat frequency stimulation while it decreased in the beta band. During alpha and delta binaural-beat stimulation, reduction in CMI was detected among right temporal, frontal, and occipital areas 3.5 min after stimulation onset. However, during beta-beat stimulation, an increase and subsequent decrease in CMI was observed – this occurred between the left temporal and frontal areas (increase), and between right temporal and centro-parietal areas (decrease), and in the case of theta beat stimulation, an increase over left temporal and central cortical areas was observed. These data suggest that application of binaural beats in theta, alpha, delta, and beta frequencies is able to alter functional connectivity between brain regions (37).		Vernon and colleagues applied binaural beats in the alpha (10 Hz) and beta (20 Hz) frequency ranges for 1 min duration over ten trials to evaluate whether a frequency following response (FFR) could be elicited to these frequencies in two separate participant groups. Each trial was interleaved with exposure to a pure tone played at 400 Hz while EEG was recorded from the left and right temporal regions. The authors observed a slight decrease in resting baseline amplitudes for both beat frequencies, from the pre- to post-entrainment and during the experimental session, and participants exhibited reduced alpha activity during the binaural beat on-phase compared to the off-phase (36). In a similar study, Gao et al. (37) investigated the effects of binaural beats applied for a 5 min duration at 1, 5, 10, and 20 Hz. To detect EEG changes due to binaural beats, they analyzed relative power (RP), phase locking values (PLVs), and cross-mutual information (CMI). Relative power in the theta and alpha bands increased during delta and alpha binaural-beat frequency stimulation while it decreased in the beta band. During alpha and delta binaural-beat stimulation, reduction in CMI was detected among right temporal, frontal, and occipital areas 3.5 min after stimulation onset. However, during beta-beat stimulation, an increase and subsequent decrease in CMI was observed – this occurred between the left temporal and frontal areas (increase), and between right temporal and centro-parietal areas (decrease), and in the case of theta beat stimulation, an increase over left temporal and central cortical areas was observed. These data suggest that application of binaural beats in theta, alpha, delta, and beta frequencies is able to alter functional connectivity between brain regions (37).
		+
		+	https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1388245704003736
		+
		+	~ 200 mS response latency

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:03, 17 March 2025
Line 8:		Line 8:

	Response latency for maximum value of cross-correlation (figure 7) was ~75 ms for 10 Hz.		Response latency for maximum value of cross-correlation (figure 7) was ~75 ms for 10 Hz.
		+
		+	https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00070/full
		+
		+	Vernon and colleagues applied binaural beats in the alpha (10 Hz) and beta (20 Hz) frequency ranges for 1 min duration over ten trials to evaluate whether a frequency following response (FFR) could be elicited to these frequencies in two separate participant groups. Each trial was interleaved with exposure to a pure tone played at 400 Hz while EEG was recorded from the left and right temporal regions. The authors observed a slight decrease in resting baseline amplitudes for both beat frequencies, from the pre- to post-entrainment and during the experimental session, and participants exhibited reduced alpha activity during the binaural beat on-phase compared to the off-phase (36). In a similar study, Gao et al. (37) investigated the effects of binaural beats applied for a 5 min duration at 1, 5, 10, and 20 Hz. To detect EEG changes due to binaural beats, they analyzed relative power (RP), phase locking values (PLVs), and cross-mutual information (CMI). Relative power in the theta and alpha bands increased during delta and alpha binaural-beat frequency stimulation while it decreased in the beta band. During alpha and delta binaural-beat stimulation, reduction in CMI was detected among right temporal, frontal, and occipital areas 3.5 min after stimulation onset. However, during beta-beat stimulation, an increase and subsequent decrease in CMI was observed – this occurred between the left temporal and frontal areas (increase), and between right temporal and centro-parietal areas (decrease), and in the case of theta beat stimulation, an increase over left temporal and central cortical areas was observed. These data suggest that application of binaural beats in theta, alpha, delta, and beta frequencies is able to alter functional connectivity between brain regions (37).