Cardiology

Arrhythmias

SA node -> AV node -> bundle of His -> left/right bundles -> Purkinje fibers

• Bradyarrhythmias and Conduction Abnormalities
  • H&P: syncope, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, dizziness
  • DDx: sinus brady, SSS, 1st degree AV block, 2nd degree AV block (Mobitz 1), 2nd degree AV block (Mobitz 2), 3rd degree AV block
  • Tx: correct electrolytes/hypothermia, atropine/dopamine, transcutaneous pacing, transvenous pacing, leadless pacing, permanent pacemaker
• Tachyarrhythmias
  • H&P: palpitations, syncope
  • DDx: Sinus tach, Afib, Aflutter, Vtach, Vfib, Vflutter, AVNRT, AVRT, WPW
  • Tx: Stable vs. Unstable. Synchronized cardioversion vs DCCV. Vagal maneuvers, atropine, beta blockers, amiodarone, digoxin, diltiazem. Rate control superior to rhythm control most of the time. Calculate a CHAD2S2VASc for Afib patients. Consider cardioablation vs. watchman. Always get a TEE/cardioversion for chronic Afib. The most effective AC is warfarin. Best AC is usually DOAC because of once daily oral dosing. LMWH is an alternative if they can't have a DOAC. Aflutter can be 2:1, 3:1, or 4:1 with fixed rates of 150, 100, and 75 respectively.

Congestive Heart Failure

• Systolic Dysfunction/HFrEF
• Non-systolic Dysfunction/HFpEF

Cardiomyopathy

• Dilated Cardiomyopathy
• Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
• Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

Coronary Artery Disease

• Angina Pectoris
• Prinzmetal Angina
• Carotid Artery Stenosis

Acute Coronary Syndromes

• Unstable Angina/NSTEMI
• STEMI

Hypertension

• Primary Hypertension
• Secondary Hypertension
  • RAS, Hypo/Hyper(para)thyroidism, Conn syndrome, Cushing's syndrome, Pheochromocytoma
• Hypertensive Crisis

Pericardial Disease

• Pericarditis
• Cardiac Tamponade

Vascular Diseases

• Aortic Aneurism
• Aortic Dissection
• Deep Venous Thrombosis
• Peripheral Arterial Disease
• Lymphedema