Insomnia

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  • Trazodone has low rates of side effects with low doses used PRN for sleep.
  • Olanzapine and Quetiapine 2nd gen antipsychotics used for sleep and delirium. Avoid in older patients with dementia (black box warning).

Melatonin

  • MOA: chronohypnotic that decreases firing rate of neurons in SCN via MT1 receptor, but only when endogenous levels are low (daytime)
  • In older adults, the amount of melatonin synthesized and the number and affinity of MT1 receptors all decrease.
  • Higher doses might increase total sleep time.
  • Does not make you feel drowsy. It enhances natural sleep wake cycle. Must be paired with good sleep hygiene. Only need very small amounts (1 mg). Give 1 hr before bedtime.
  • The body makes 1 mg per day, at higher doses exogenous melatonin might decrease your body's ability to synthesize it on its own.
  • Higher doses in the short term show a dose dependent effect, but this wears off quickly and then melatonin stops working at all.
  • Refs: 15649737, 11600532, 24802882, 35436355, 33417003