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| =Vascular Diseases= | | =Vascular Diseases= |
− | * Aortic Aneurism: Different types of repair (open vs endovascular), when to intervene (> 5.5 cm or rapidly enlarging), one time screening abd US in ever smokers at age 50 | + | * Aortic Aneurism: Most are abdominal, most are below the renal arteries. Different types of repair (open vs endovascular), when to intervene (> 5.5 cm, rapidly enlarging, or causing organ damage), one time screening abdominal US recommended in ever smokers ages 65-75. |
− | * Aortic Dissection: Stanford classification: type B (post arch and descending aorta) is medically managed; type A (ascending or arch) is surgical emergency. | + | * Aortic Dissection: Stanford classification: type B (post left subclavian and descending aorta) is medically managed; type A (ascending aorta to the left subclavian or beyond) is a surgical emergency. |
− | * Deep Venous Thrombosis: Virchow's triad | + | * Deep Venous Thrombosis: Virchow's triad, mostly occur in the legs, DVTs leading to PEs are usually in the femoral veins. Hofman's sign is neither sensitive or specific. Risk stratify based on Well's score, then get D-dimer (sensitive, not specific) if pre-test probability is low to rule out DVT. Can give therapeutic dose heparin if pre-test probability is high. |
| * Peripheral Arterial Disease: ABI | | * Peripheral Arterial Disease: ABI |
| + | ** Carotid Artery Stenosis |
| + | ** |
| * Lymphedema | | * Lymphedema |
| + | ** In developed countries, is usually secondary to lymph node resection (e.g. radical mastectomy) |
| + | ** Can also be congenital or secondary to infection (developing countries) |
| + | ** Does not respond to diuretics |
| + | ** Use compression stockings or arm bands |
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| =Syncope= | | =Syncope= |
| * Ddx includes cardiac arrhythmias, vasovagal, seizures, orthostatic hypotension, vertigo, symptomatic anemia | | * Ddx includes cardiac arrhythmias, vasovagal, seizures, orthostatic hypotension, vertigo, symptomatic anemia |